C
Getting started
Before you start porting, ensure that all the prerequisites for Qt Quick Ultralite are met. This guide uses CMake in all the examples as Qt Quick Ultralite depends on the CMake build system.
This guide uses a dummy platform, example-baremetal
, as an example for the porting steps. You can create your platform port based on this dummy platform or create one from scratch.
Setting up a Qt Quick Ultralite platform port project
Qt Quick Ultralite has all its supported platforms under platform
directory. All platforms are under the boards
subdirectory, where they are categorized based on the platform manufacturer's name. For example, the example-baremetal
platform port's manufacturer is qt and the port can be found from platform\boards\qt\example-baremetal
.
The existence of a platform is checked in platform\CMakeLists.txt
by checking whether a directory for that platform exists:
if(BOARD_MANUFACTURER_NAME) # This case is for all platforms that have a manufacturer eg. ST, NXP add_subdirectory(boards/${BOARD_MANUFACTURER_NAME}) elseif((NOT QUL_PLATFORM_LOWERCASE STREQUAL "boards") AND EXISTS ${CMAKE_CURRENT_LIST_DIR}/${QUL_PLATFORM_LOWERCASE}) # This case is for platforms without manufacturer eg. 'qt' add_subdirectory(${QUL_PLATFORM_LOWERCASE}) install_platform_packages() else() message(FATAL_ERROR "Following QUL_PLATFORM: ${QUL_PLATFORM} is not supported!") endif()
BOARD_MANUFACTURER_NAME is a variable that is set by _qul_find_and_get_board_manufacturer_name
macro. It is used to search for the given platform from the boards
directory and return the directory where the specified port for the board resides.
To make your platform visible to Qt Quick Ultralite's CMake scripts, create a new directory for the platform:
md platform\boards\<MANUFACTURER_NAME>\<YOUR_PLATFORM>
Where <MANUFACTURER_NAME> and <YOUR_PLATFORM> can be named however you want.
You must add a CMakeLists.txt
file for both the <MANUFACTURER_NAME> and the <YOUR_PLATFORM> directories. The CMakeLists.txt
under <YOUR_PLATFORM> is configured in Creating the configuration file for you platform. The one under <MANUFACTURER_NAME> must contain at least the following:
include(CMakeDependentOption) string(TOLOWER ${QUL_PLATFORM} board_name) add_subdirectory(${CMAKE_CURRENT_LIST_DIR}/${board_name})
You can also copy the contents of the example-baremetal
platform to use as a reference.
Note: While all supported platforms have either baremetal
or freertos
appended to their names, the platform need not have either of them in its name.
Project structure
Qt Quick Ultralite does not have a strict structure that you have to follow. However, some things must be present and configured for the platform to be able to compile with Qt Quick Ultralite's CMake scripts.
cmake
directory
Your project must have a cmake
directory containing compiler and board information for Qt Quick Ultralite to be able to recognize and compile the platform. You may use the platform\boards\qt\example-baremetal\cmake
directory as the basis for your platform's cmake directory. Note that example-baremetal
project's cmake
directory contains configuration for ARM GCC compiler and IAR compiler. If you are using a compiler other than ARM GCC, Green Hills, or IAR compilers, additional configuration is needed. For more information, see Using a custom toolchain.
The cmake directory has a following structure:
<YOUR_PLATFORM> |-cmake | |-<YOUR_COMPILER> | | |-CompilationOptions.cmake | | |-<YOUR_PLATFORM>.json | | |-<YOUR_LINKER_SCRIPT> | | |-LinkerScriptLoader.cmake | |-BoardDefaults.cmake
Defining default variables for the platform
BoardDefaults.cmake
is used to set default variables for the platform port. For Qt Quick Ultralite, following variables can be set here:
Variable | Decription |
---|---|
QUL_COLOR_DEPTH | How many bits per pixel is used to render content. This variable is optional and does not do anything if not used in the code. |
QUL_DEFAULT_SCREEN_WIDTH | The default screen width in pixels. Not setting this will result in an error. |
QUL_DEFAULT_SCREEN_HEIGHT | The default screen height in pixels. Not setting this will result in an error. |
OS | Operating system that is used in the project, used by app_common . Currently only BareMetal and FreeRTOS values are recognized. If this value is not set, Qt Quick Ultralite defaults to BareMetal. If you do not use app_common , this variable has no effect. |
EXCLUDED_EXAMPLES | List of examples that are excluded from the build. The following example disables set(EXCLUDED_EXAMPLES "freertos_multitask" "redbutton" CACHE STRING "List of examples excluded from build") |
EXCLUDED_DEMOS | List of demos that are excluded from the build. The following example disables set(EXCLUDED_DEMOS "automotive" "motor_cluster" CACHE STRING "List of demos excluded from build") |
Example BoardDefaults.cmake
:
IF(NOT QUL_COLOR_DEPTH) SET(QUL_COLOR_DEPTH 16) ENDIF() if(NOT QUL_DEFAULT_SCREEN_WIDTH) set(QUL_DEFAULT_SCREEN_WIDTH 480) endif() if(NOT QUL_DEFAULT_SCREEN_HEIGHT) set(QUL_DEFAULT_SCREEN_HEIGHT 272) endif()
Specifying compile and link options for the platform
CompilationOptions.cmake
contains compile and link options specific to your platform, such as architecture options and Qt Quick Ultralite specific compile definitions.
For Qt Quick Ultralite, the following definitions must be set in your project:
Definition | Description |
---|---|
QUL_STATIC_NO_PRELOAD_ASSET_SEGMENT | Assets that are loaded during the Qt Quick Ultralite application execution are added to this section of memory. The name of the section must be defined in the linker script. |
QUL_STATIC_ASSET_SEGMENT | Assets that are preloaded before the Qt Quick Ultralite application execution are added to this section of memory. The name of the section must be defined in the linker script. |
These definitions require memory section names to be defined in the platform's linker script. See Linker script setup for instructions on how to setup a linker script for the Qt Quick Ultralite project.
For example, the CompilationOptions.cmake
defines these options for the ARM GCC compiler:
add_compile_definitions( # Archtitecture specific compile definitions USE_HAL_DRIVER ) add_compile_options( # Archtitecture specific compile options -mthumb -mapcs -mcpu=cortex-m7 -mfloat-abi=hard -mfpu=fpv5-sp-d16 ) add_compile_definitions( QUL_STATIC_NO_PRELOAD_ASSET_SEGMENT=AssetDataKeepInFlash QUL_STATIC_ASSET_SEGMENT=AssetDataPreload ) add_link_options( # Archtitecture specific link options -mthumb -mfloat-abi=hard -mfpu=fpv5-sp-d16 -mcpu=cortex-m7 -mapcs )
For IAR compiler, use the following example as a reference:
add_compile_definitions( # Archtitecture specific compile definitions USE_HAL_DRIVER ) add_compile_options( # Archtitecture specific compile options "$<$<COMPILE_LANGUAGE:ASM>:--cpu;Cortex-M7>" "$<$<COMPILE_LANGUAGE:ASM>:--fpu;VFPv5_D16>" "$<$<NOT:$<COMPILE_LANGUAGE:ASM>>:--cpu=Cortex-M7>" "$<$<NOT:$<COMPILE_LANGUAGE:ASM>>:--fpu=VFPv5_D16>" "$<$<NOT:$<COMPILE_LANGUAGE:ASM>>:--endian=little>" "$<$<NOT:$<COMPILE_LANGUAGE:ASM>>:--aapcs=vfp>" --thumb ) add_compile_definitions( QUL_STATIC_NO_PRELOAD_ASSET_SEGMENT=AssetDataKeepInFlash QUL_STATIC_ASSET_SEGMENT=AssetDataPreload ) add_link_options( # Archtitecture specific link options )
Creating the platform kit configuration file
<YOUR_PLATFORM>.json
file is used to create a platform kit in the Qt Creator IDE.
Note: This file is required even if you are not going to use the Qt Creator IDE. If you are not using Qt Creator, you can leave this file empty.
Note: Custom compilers are not supported in Qt Creator.
The JSON file contains an object with values that are used by Qt Creator to create the kit:
Attribute | Description |
---|---|
qulVersion | Qt Quick Ultralite version the platform is built against. By default, this is set to @CMAKE_PROJECT_VERSION@ . |
platform | Name of the platform. |
platformVendor | Name of the platform vendor/manufacturer. |
colorDepths | List of supported color depths for the platform. |
toolchain | Object containing details of the toolchain the platform uses. |
boardSdk | Object containing details of the SDK the platform uses. |
toolchain
attribute contains the following information:
Attribute | Description |
---|---|
id | Name of the toolchain. |
versions | List of toolchain versions that are supported. |
cmakeToolchainFile | Location of the toolchain's CMake file. |
boardSdk
attribute contains the following information:
Attribute | Description |
---|---|
envVar | Environment variable name pointing to the SDK used in Qt Quick Ultralite. |
versions | List of SDK versions that are supported. |
Here is an example JSON file (example-baremetal.json
):
{ "qulVersion": "@CMAKE_PROJECT_VERSION@", "platform": "EXAMPLE-BAREMETAL", "platformVendor": "VENDOR_NAME", "colorDepths": [ 16 ], "toolchain": { "id": "armgcc", "versions": [ "8-2019-q3-update" ], "cmakeToolchainFile": "lib/cmake/Qul/toolchain/armgcc.cmake" }, "boardSdk": { "envVar": "VENDOR_SPECIFIC_SDK_PATH_VARIABLE", "versions": [ "1.16.0" ] } }
Here is the JSON file for the IAR compiler. It has a few differences compared to the previous example:
{ "qulVersion": "@CMAKE_PROJECT_VERSION@", "platform": "EXAMPLE-BAREMETAL", "platformVendor": "VENDOR_NAME", "colorDepths" : [ 16 ], "toolchain": { "id": "iar", "versions": [ "8.40.1" ], "cmakeToolchainFile": "lib/cmake/Qul/toolchain/iar.cmake" }, "boardSdk": { "envVar": "VENDOR_SPECIFIC_SDK_PATH_VARIABLE", "versions": [ "1.16.0" ] } }
Adding your linker script
cmake\<YOUR_COMPILER>\<YOUR_LINKER_SCRIPT>
is the linker script your platform uses. Qt Quick Ultralite uses the linker script to organize the data and code in the final binary to appropriate memory addresses. Setting up of the script is described in detail with an example in the Linker script setup section.
Adding your linker script to the project
LinkerScriptLoader.cmake
is used by CMake to find the platform's linker script and how to use it in the compiler.
Here is how the LinkerScriptLoader.cmake
looks for the example-baremetal
platform:
SET(LINKER_SCRIPT ${CMAKE_CURRENT_LIST_DIR}/example-platform.ld) string(APPEND CMAKE_EXE_LINKER_FLAGS " ${LINKER_SCRIPT_OPTION} ${LINKER_SCRIPT}")
LINKER_SCRIPT_OPTION is compiler defined and is set in toolchain CMake files. For more information, see Using a custom toolchain.
For IAR compiler, use the following example as a reference:
SET(LINKER_SCRIPT ${CMAKE_CURRENT_LIST_DIR}/example-platform.icf) string(APPEND CMAKE_EXE_LINKER_FLAGS " ${LINKER_SCRIPT_OPTION} ${LINKER_SCRIPT}")
Creating the configuration file for you platform
platform\<YOUR_PLATFORM>\CMakeLists.txt
is your platform's primary configuration file. It specifies all sources, include directories, compile definitions, and other parameters your platform requires. For more information about the CMake syntax, see CMake Documentation. You can also use platform\boards\qt\example-baremetal\CMakeLists.txt
as a basis for your platform's CMakeLists.txt
.
Note: When you are defining sources, include directories or other attributes for your platform, you must specify QuickUltralitePlatform
as the target for these definitions.
The following is the CMakeLists.txt
for the example-baremetal
platform:
target_sources(QuickUltralitePlatform PRIVATE platform.cpp mem.cpp ${PLATFORM_COMMON_SRC_DIR}/singlepointtoucheventdispatcher.cpp # Add platform source files here ) target_include_directories(QuickUltralitePlatform PRIVATE # Add platform specific include directories here ) target_compile_definitions(QuickUltralitePlatform PRIVATE # Insert platform specific compile flags here # e.g. APPLICATION_ADDRESS=0x90000000 )
For IAR compiler, use the following example as a reference:
target_sources(QuickUltralitePlatform PRIVATE platform.cpp mem-iar.cpp ${PLATFORM_COMMON_SRC_DIR}/singlepointtoucheventdispatcher.cpp # Add platform source files here ) target_include_directories(QuickUltralitePlatform PRIVATE # Add platform specific include directories here ) target_compile_definitions(QuickUltralitePlatform PRIVATE # Insert platform specific compile flags here # e.g. APPLICATION_ADDRESS=0x90000000 )
The example CMakeLists.txt
has two files defined in sources: platform.cpp
and mem.cpp
. These files contain sample code for basic functions and memory allocation API respectively. The contents of these files are documented in Implementing basic functions and Memory allocation in Qt Quick Ultralite platform abstraction chapters.
Creating flash targets
Qt Quick Ultralite CMake scripts offer support to generate targets for flashing binaries to the device. This is useful in the application development phase, where you might have to build and flash the binaries often. It offers a single command to build and flash the binary.
The following must be done in order to get flash targets generated:
- Create a new file called
ExecutableHook.cmake
under theplatform\boards\<MANUFACTURER_NAME>\<YOUR_PLATFORM>\cmake
directory. - Add the following function to
ExecutableHook.cmake
:function(add_executable_hook name) add_custom_target("flash_${name}" COMMAND <COMMAND_FOR_YOUR_FLASHER>) message(STATUS "Added flash target flash_${name}") endfunction()
The name argument is the target application's name. For redbutton example, name would be redbutton and the resulting flash target is flash_redbutton. <COMMAND_FOR_YOUR_FLASHER> is the command you use to flash built binaries to the target device. Your binary can be found using
$<TARGET_FILE_DIR:${name}>/${name}.elf
. Depending on the compiler and the flashing tool, the generated binary might be in a format that is not ELF.
Running CMake for your platform should now output Added flash target flash_<EXAMPLE/DEMO>
. If you've copied example-baremetal
project, you can use the following command to test whether flashing runs your flasher correctly:
nmake flash_minimal
However, your platform is still quite barebones. If your build does not succeed, continue reading this guide and try again at a later time.
Linker script setup
Linker script is a file containing information about the platform's memory configuration. It also specifies regions where application code and data resides. The the linker script is used by the toolchain's linker to organize the data and code in the final binary at appropriate memory addresses. In this section, you will get to know what needs to be configured in your linker script to get Qt Quick Ultralite working.
Following examples are snippets from platform\boards\qt\example-baremetal\cmake\armgcc\example-platform.ld
. There is also a variant for IAR linkers available at platform\boards\qt\example-baremetal\cmake\iar\example-platform.icf
for your reference. You can copy these files to your project to use as a basis for your own linker script. However, it is recommended that you have your own linker script where you insert additional memory sections explained here.
Note: The examples use GNU linker script syntax. Some things may be implemented differently between different toolchain linker scripts. Refer your toolchain's manual for more information about the syntax for linker scripts.
In order to assign program sections to the device, its memory layout must be configured:
MEMORY { FLASH (rx) : ORIGIN = 0x08000000, LENGTH = 2048K /* internal flash */ RAM (xrw) : ORIGIN = 0x20000000, LENGTH = 512K /* internal sram */ SDRAM (xrw) : ORIGIN = 0xc0400000, LENGTH = 8M /* external sdram memory */ QSPI (rx) : ORIGIN = 0x90000000, LENGTH = 64M /* external flash */ }
This layout has four regions: FLASH, RAM, SDRAM and QSPI. RAM and SDRAM both have execute, read, and write access. Whereas, FLASH and QSPI are read-only flash memories and thus have only read and execute access.
Note: Avoid using this layout as-is for your platform's memory layout, as it may lead to errors when flashing the binary or attempting to run it on the device. Refer your target platform's manual for the memory layout and appropriate memory addresses for your device.
To get asset separation in your project, Qt Quick Ultralite must know which memory sections are used for asset data:
AssetDataPreload : { . = ALIGN(4); _preloadable_assetdata_dst_begin = .; *(AssetDataPreload) . = ALIGN(4); _preloadable_assetdata_dst_end = .; } > SDRAM AT > QSPI _preloadable_assetdata_src = LOADADDR(AssetDataPreload); AssetDataKeepInFlash : { . = ALIGN(4); *(AssetDataKeepInFlash) } > QSPI
In this example, both preloadable asset data and static asset data are kept in the QSPI flash memory region, but preloadable asset data section also reserves space from SDRAM. Both AssetDataPreload
and AssetDataKeepInFlash
names can be changed, but they must be consistent with names specified in platform\boards\<MANUFACTURER_NAME>\<YOUR_PLATFORM>\<YOUR_COMPILER>\CompilationOptions.cmake
.
_preloadable_assetdata_dst_begin
, _preloadable_assetdata_dst_end
, and _preloadable_assetdata_src
must also be defined. They are used in the platform code to load the assets from QSPI to SDRAM:
// Preloading assets extern unsigned char _preloadable_assetdata_src; extern unsigned char _preloadable_assetdata_dst_begin; extern unsigned char _preloadable_assetdata_dst_end; memcpy(&_preloadable_assetdata_dst_begin, &_preloadable_assetdata_src, &_preloadable_assetdata_dst_end - &_preloadable_assetdata_dst_begin);
For IAR compilers there need to be some section declarations included
#pragma section = "AssetDataPreload" #pragma section = "AssetDataPreload_init" char *_preloadable_assetdata_src = (char *) (__section_begin("AssetDataPreload_init")); char *_preloadable_assetdata_dst_begin = (char *) (__section_begin("AssetDataPreload")); char *_preloadable_assetdata_dst_end = (char *) (__section_end("AssetDataPreload")); memcpy(_preloadable_assetdata_dst_begin, _preloadable_assetdata_src, (unsigned) _preloadable_assetdata_dst_end - (unsigned) _preloadable_assetdata_dst_begin);
Make sure to check the example IAR linker script to see how to place these sections in your device memory.
Using a custom toolchain
By default, Qt Quick Ultralite supports ARM GCC, GHS, or IAR toolchains across the supported platforms. However, it is possible to use your own compiler in the project.
To configure Qt Quick Ultralite for your toolchain, follow these steps:
- Add a
<YOUR_COMPILER>.cmake
tolib\cmake\Qul\toolchain
directory. - Create
<YOUR_COMPILER>
directory underplatform\boards\<MANUFACTURER_NAME>\<YOUR_PLATFORM>\cmake
. - Edit CMake configuration files in Qt Quick Ultralite
Adding <YOUR_COMPILER>.cmake
to the project
Add the <YOUR_COMPILER>.cmake
to the lib\cmake\Qul\toolchain
directory. This file configures your toolchain for the project. You can also use existing toolchain configurations as a basis for your compiler configuration.
The following variables should be set in the file:
Variable | Description |
---|---|
CMAKE_SYSTEM_NAME | The operating system CMake is building for. This must be set to Generic . |
CMAKE_SYSTEM_PROCESSOR | The processor CMake is building for. For example, if your target CPU is ARM CPU, set this to arm . |
COMPILER_FOLDER_NAME | Tells Qt Quick Ultralite project what compiler directory should be used for the target platform. This must match the name of the compiler directory in platform\boards\<MANUFACTURER_NAME>\<YOUR_PLATFORM>\cmake or else you will get errors during configuration. |
LINKER_SCRIPT_OPTION | This is used in LinkerScriptLoader.cmake to tell linker what flags to use. If you are not using LINKER_SCRIPT_OPTION , this is not needed. |
CMAKE_C_COMPILER | Path to the C compiler. |
CMAKE_CXX_COMPILER | Path to the C++ compiler. |
CMAKE_ASM_COMPILER | Path to the assembly compiler. This is not needed if you do not have assembly files in you platform. |
CMAKE_AR | Path to the toolchain's archiver. |
CMAKE_CXX_FLAGS_INIT | C++ compiler flags that are used in every configuration. |
CMAKE_C_FLAGS_INIT | C compiler flags that are used in every configuration. |
CMAKE_C_FLAGS_DEBUG | C compiler flags that are used in debug configuration in addition to the flags used in CMAKE_C_FLAGS_INIT . |
CMAKE_CXX_FLAGS_DEBUG | C++ compiler flags that are used in debug configuration in addition to the flags used in CMAKE_CXX_FLAGS_INIT . |
CMAKE_EXE_LINKER_FLAGS_INIT | Linker flags that are used in every configuration. |
In addition, you also need to set a variable that can be used to identify your compiler:
SET(<YOUR_COMPILER> ON)
This is used in other CMake files to configure additional things if needed.
<YOUR_COMPILER>
directory
Create a directory named <YOUR_COMPILER>
(or the name you set to COMPILE_FOLDER_NAME
in the previous step) for your toolchain in the platform\boards\<MANUFACTURER_NAME>\<YOUR_PLATFORM>\cmake
directory, and add all required files mentioned in the "cmake
directory" section.
CMake configuration files in Qt Quick Ultralite
Your toolchain may require some additional configuration in Qt Quick Ultralite.
The following files contain compiler-dependent configurations and might be worth checking out.
examples\CMakeLists.txt
has compiler-dependent warning flags, such asWall
andWerror
. If your compiler does not support already provided flags, add your own here.platform\CMakeLists.txt
If you are going to use same compiler on multiple platforms, it might be a good idea to write some common compilation options forQuickUltralitePlatform
here.src\CMakeLists.txt
is used to buildQuickUltralite
target. If your compiler has some specific arguments that must be taken into account, add them here.The file also includes configuration code for supported compilers. Check that your compiler can use the set parameters and modify the code if needed.
src\pngdecoders.cmake
adds LodePNG based PNG decoder to Qt Quick Ultralite. If your compiler has some specific arguments that must be taken into account when building the decoder, add them here.
Your compiler setup is ready to be used now. Test it by running CMake with -DCMAKE_TOOLCHAIN_FILE=path\to\Qt\QtMCUs\1.5.0\cmake\Qul\toolchain\<YOUR_COMPILER>.cmake
.
Available under certain Qt licenses.
Find out more.