CertC-POS39

Use the correct byte ordering when transferring data between systems

Required inputs: IR, StaticSemanticAnalysis

Different system architectures use different byte ordering, either little endian (least significant byte first) or big endian (most significant byte first). IA-32 is an example of an architecture that implements little endian byte ordering. In contrast, PowerPC and most Network Protocols (including TCP and IP) use big endian.

When transferring data between systems of different endianness, the programmer must take care to reverse the byte ordering before interpreting the data.

The functions htonl(), htons(), ntohl(), and ntohs() can be used to transfer between network byte ordering (big endian) and the host's byte ordering. On big endian systems, these functions do nothing. They may also be implemented as macros rather than functions.

Noncompliant Code Example

In this noncompliant code example, the programmer tries to read an unsigned 32-bit integer off a previously connected network socket.

It is important to know the sizes of your data types lest they be different on architectures that are accessible over the network. Hence, we transfer a uint32_t rather than an int. For more information, see FIO09-C. Be careful with binary data when transferring data across systems. 

/* sock is a connected TCP socket */

uint32_t num;

if (recv(sock, (void *)&num, sizeof(uint32_t), 0) < (int)sizeof(uint32_t)) {
  /* Handle error */
}

printf("We received %u from the network!\n", (unsigned int)num);

This program prints out the number received from the socket using an incorrect byte ordering. For example, if the value 4 is sent from a big endian machine, and the receiving system is little endian, the value 536,870,912 is read. This problem can be corrected by sending and receiving using network byte ordering.

Compliant Solution

In this compliant solution, the programmer uses the ntohl() function to convert the integer from network byte order to host byte ordering: 

/* sock is a connected TCP socket */

uint32_t num;

if (recv(sock, (void *)&num, sizeof(uint32_t), 0) < (int)sizeof(uint32_t)) {
  /* Handle error */
}

num = ntohl(num);
printf("We recieved %u from the network!\n", (unsigned int)num);

The ntohl() function (network to host long) translates a uint32_t value into the host byte ordering from the network byte ordering. This function is always appropriate to use because its implementation depends on the specific system's byte ordering. Consequently, on a big endian architecture, ntohl() does nothing.

The reciprocal function htonl() (host to network long) should be used before sending any data to another system over network protocols.

Portability Details

  • ntohs(), ntohl(), htons(), and htonl() are not part of the C Standard and are consequently not guaranteed to be portable to non-POSIX systems.
  • The POSIX implementations of ntohs(), ntohl(), htons(), and htonl() take arguments of types uint16_t and uint32_t and can be found in the header file <arpa/inet.h>.
  • The Windows implementations use unsigned short and unsigned long and can be found in the header file <winsock2.h>.
  • Other variants of ntoht() and htont(), such as ntohi()/ htoni() or ntohll()/ htonll(), may exist on some systems.
Risk Assessment

If the programmer is careless, this bug is likely. However, it will immediately break the program by printing the incorrect result and therefore should be caught by the programmer during the early stages of debugging and testing. Recognizing a value as in reversed byte ordering, however, can be difficult depending on the type and magnitude of the data.

Recommendation Severity Likelihood Remediation Cost Priority Level
POS39-C Medium Likely Low P18 L1
Bibliography
[ MSDN] "Winsock Functions"
[ Open Group 2004] htonl, htons, ntohl, ntohs-Convert Values between Host and Network Byte Order
Excerpt from SEI CERT C Coding Standard: Rules for Developing Safe, Reliable, and Secure Systems (2016 Edition) and SEI CERT C Coding Standard [https://cmu-sei.github.io/secure-coding-standards/sei-cert-c-coding-standard/rules/posix-pos/pos39-c], Copyright (C) 1995-2026 Carnegie Mellon University. See section 9.4. "3rd-Party Licenses" in the documentation for full details.

Possible Messages

Key

Text

Severity

Disabled

correct_byte_order_receive

Use e.g. ‘ntohl’ after receiving data from a network by e.g. ‘recv’.

None

False

correct_byte_order_send

Use e.g. ‘htonl’ before sending data from a network by e.g. ‘send’.

None

False

Options

functions_to_follow_receive

functions_to_follow_receive : set[bauhaus.analysis.config.QualifiedName] = {'ntohl', 'ntohs'}

Function which should be used after receiving data from a network.
 

functions_to_precede_send

functions_to_precede_send : set[bauhaus.analysis.config.QualifiedName] = {'htonl', 'htons'}

Function which should be used before sending data to a network.
 

functions_to_receive

functions_to_receive : set[bauhaus.analysis.config.QualifiedName] = {'recv', 'recvfrom', 'recvmsg'}

Functions which are used to receive data from a network.
 

functions_to_send

functions_to_send : set[bauhaus.analysis.config.QualifiedName] = {'send', 'sendmsg', 'sendto'}

Functions which are used to send data to a network.