RHI 窗户示例

   // 对于 OpenGL，需确保窗口具有深度/模板缓冲区。
    // 对于其他 API，这由应用程序控制（如 QRhiRenderBuffer 等） ，
    // 因此无需进行特殊设置。
    QSurfaceFormat fmt;
    fmt.setDepthBufferSize(24);
    fmt.setStencilBufferSize(8);
   // macOS 的特例，用于允许在该系统上使用 OpenGL。
    // （不过，推荐使用默认的 Metal 方案）
    // gl_VertexID 是 GLSL 130 版本的特性，因此  macOS 上 默认 提供的  OpenGL 2.1 渲染上下文 
    // 无法满足此需求。
#ifdef Q_OS_MACOS
    fmt.setVersion(4, 1);
    fmt.setProfile(QSurfaceFormat::CoreProfile);
#endif
    QSurfaceFormat::setDefaultFormat(fmt);

    // 针对 Vulkan。
#if QT_CONFIG(vulkan)
    QVulkanInstance inst;
    if(graphicsApi==QRhi::Vulkan) {
        // 若可用，请求验证。此操作完全可选 
        // 且会影响性能，生产环境中应避免使用。
        inst.setLayers({"VK_LAYER_KHRONOS_validation"});
        // 与 QRhi 良好兼容。
        inst.setExtensions(QRhiVulkanInitParams::preferredInstanceExtensions());
        if(!inst.create()) {
            qWarning("Failed to create Vulkan instance, switching to OpenGL");
            graphicsApi=QRhi::OpenGLES2;
        }
    }
#endif

RhiWindow::RhiWindow(QRhi::Implementation graphicsApi)
    : m_graphicsApi(graphicsApi)
{
    switch (graphicsApi) {
    case QRhi::OpenGLES2:
        setSurfaceType(OpenGLSurface);
        break;
    case QRhi::Vulkan:
        setSurfaceType(VulkanSurface);
        break;
    case QRhi::D3D11:
    case QRhi::D3D12:
        setSurfaceType(Direct3DSurface);
        break;
    case QRhi::Metal:
        setSurfaceType(MetalSurface);
        break;
    case QRhi::Null:
        break; // RasterSurface
    }
}

voidRhiWindow::init()
{
    if(m_graphicsApi==QRhi::Null) {
        QRhiNullInitParams params;
        m_rhi.reset(QRhi::create(QRhi::Null, &params));
    }

#if QT_CONFIG(opengl)
    if(m_graphicsApi==QRhi::OpenGLES2) {
        m_fallbackSurface.reset(QRhiGles2InitParams::newFallbackSurface());
        QRhiGles2InitParams params;
        params.fallbackSurface=m_fallbackSurface.get();
        params.window= this;
        m_rhi.reset(QRhi::create(QRhi::OpenGLES2, &params));
    }
#endif

#if QT_CONFIG(vulkan)
    if(m_graphicsApi==QRhi::Vulkan) {
        QRhiVulkanInitParams params;
        params.inst=vulkanInstance();
        params.window= this;
        m_rhi.reset(QRhi::create(QRhi::Vulkan, &params));
    }
#endif

#ifdef Q_OS_WIN
    if(m_graphicsApi==QRhi::D3D11) {
        QRhiD3D11InitParams params;
        // 若可用，启用调试层。此操作为可选
        // 且应避免在生产构建中使用。
        params.enableDebugLayer= true;
        m_rhi.reset(QRhi::create(QRhi::D3D11, &params));
    }else if(m_graphicsApi==QRhi::D3D12) {
        QRhiD3D12InitParams params;
        // 若可用，则启用调试层。此操作为可选
        // 且应避免在正式发布版本中使用。
        params.enableDebugLayer= true;
        m_rhi.reset(QRhi::create(QRhi::D3D12, &params));
    }
#endif

#if QT_CONFIG(metal)
    if(m_graphicsApi==QRhi::Metal) {
        QRhiMetalInitParams params;
        m_rhi.reset(QRhi::create(QRhi::Metal, &params));
    }
#endif

    if(!m_rhi)
        qFatal("Failed to create RHI backend");

void RhiWindow::exposeEvent(QExposeEvent *)
{
    // initialize and start rendering when the window becomes usable for graphics purposes
    if (isExposed() && !m_initialized) {
        init();
        resizeSwapChain();
        m_initialized = true;
    }

    const QSize surfaceSize = m_hasSwapChain ? m_sc->surfacePixelSize() : QSize();

    // stop pushing frames when not exposed (or size is 0)
    if ((!isExposed() || (m_hasSwapChain && surfaceSize.isEmpty())) && m_initialized && !m_notExposed)
        m_notExposed = true;

    // Continue when exposed again and the surface has a valid size. Note that
    // surfaceSize can be (0, 0) even though size() reports a valid one, hence
    // trusting surfacePixelSize() and not QWindow.
    if (isExposed() && m_initialized && m_notExposed && !surfaceSize.isEmpty()) {
        m_notExposed = false;
        m_newlyExposed = true;
    }

    // always render a frame on exposeEvent() (when exposed) in order to update
    // immediately on window resize.
    if (isExposed() && !surfaceSize.isEmpty())
        render();
}

void RhiWindow::render()
{
    if (!m_hasSwapChain || m_notExposed)
        return;

    std::unique_ptr<QRhiSwapChain> m_sc;
    std::unique_ptr<QRhiRenderBuffer> m_ds;
    std::unique_ptr<QRhiRenderPassDescriptor> m_rp;

    m_sc.reset(m_rhi->newSwapChain());
    m_ds.reset(m_rhi->newRenderBuffer(QRhiRenderBuffer::DepthStencil,
                                      QSize(), // no need to set the size here, due to UsedWithSwapChainOnly
                                      1,
                                      QRhiRenderBuffer::UsedWithSwapChainOnly));
    m_sc->setWindow(this);
    m_sc->setDepthStencil(m_ds.get());
    m_rp.reset(m_sc->newCompatibleRenderPassDescriptor());
    m_sc->setRenderPassDescriptor(m_rp.get());

void RhiWindow::resizeSwapChain()
{
    m_hasSwapChain = m_sc->createOrResize(); // also handles m_ds

    const QSize outputSize = m_sc->currentPixelSize();
    m_viewProjection = m_rhi->clipSpaceCorrMatrix();
    m_viewProjection.perspective(45.0f, outputSize.width() / (float) outputSize.height(), 0.01f, 1000.0f);
    m_viewProjection.translate(0, 0, -4);
}

    // If the window got resized or newly exposed, resize the swapchain. (the
    // newly-exposed case is not actually required by some platforms, but is
    // here for robustness and portability)
    //
    // This (exposeEvent + the logic here) is the only safe way to perform
    // resize handling. Note the usage of the RHI's surfacePixelSize(), and
    // never QWindow::size(). (the two may or may not be the same under the hood,
    // depending on the backend and platform)
    //
    if (m_sc->currentPixelSize() != m_sc->surfacePixelSize() || m_newlyExposed) {
        resizeSwapChain();
        if (!m_hasSwapChain)
            return;
        m_newlyExposed = false;
    }

    m_rhi->endFrame(m_sc.get());

    // Always request the next frame via requestUpdate(). On some platforms this is backed
    // by a platform-specific solution, e.g. CVDisplayLink on macOS, which is potentially
    // more efficient than a timer, queued metacalls, etc.
    requestUpdate();
}

bool RhiWindow::event(QEvent *e)
{
    switch (e->type()) {
    case QEvent::UpdateRequest:
        render();
        break;

    case QEvent::PlatformSurface:
        // this is the proper time to tear down the swapchain (while the native window and surface are still around)
        if (static_cast<QPlatformSurfaceEvent *>(e)->surfaceEventType() == QPlatformSurfaceEvent::SurfaceAboutToBeDestroyed)
            releaseSwapChain();
        break;

    default:
        break;
    }

    return QWindow::event(e);
}

void HelloWindow::customInit()
{
    m_initialUpdates = m_rhi->nextResourceUpdateBatch();

    m_vbuf.reset(m_rhi->newBuffer(QRhiBuffer::Immutable, QRhiBuffer::VertexBuffer, sizeof(vertexData)));
    m_vbuf->create();
    m_initialUpdates->uploadStaticBuffer(m_vbuf.get(), vertexData);

    static const quint32 UBUF_SIZE = 68;
    m_ubuf.reset(m_rhi->newBuffer(QRhiBuffer::Dynamic, QRhiBuffer::UniformBuffer, UBUF_SIZE));
    m_ubuf->create();

   m_colorTriSrb.reset(m_rhi->newShaderResourceBindings());
   static const QRhiShaderResourceBinding::StageFlags visibility =
           QRhiShaderResourceBinding::VertexStage | QRhiShaderResourceBinding::FragmentStage;
   m_colorTriSrb->setBindings({
           QRhiShaderResourceBinding::uniformBuffer(0, visibility, m_ubuf.get())
   });
   m_colorTriSrb->create();

   m_colorPipeline.reset(m_rhi->newGraphicsPipeline());
   // Enable depth testing; not quite needed for a simple triangle, but we
   // have a depth-stencil buffer so why not.
   m_colorPipeline->setDepthTest(true);
   m_colorPipeline->setDepthWrite(true);
   // Blend factors default to One, OneOneMinusSrcAlpha, which is convenient.
   QRhiGraphicsPipeline::TargetBlend premulAlphaBlend;
   premulAlphaBlend.enable = true;
   m_colorPipeline->setTargetBlends({ premulAlphaBlend });
   m_colorPipeline->setShaderStages({
       { QRhiShaderStage::Vertex, getShader(QLatin1String(":/color.vert.qsb")) },
       { QRhiShaderStage::Fragment, getShader(QLatin1String(":/color.frag.qsb")) }
   });
   QRhiVertexInputLayout inputLayout;
   inputLayout.setBindings({
       { 5 * sizeof(float) }
   });
   inputLayout.setAttributes({
       { 0, 0, QRhiVertexInputAttribute::Float2, 0 },
       { 0, 1, QRhiVertexInputAttribute::Float3, 2 * sizeof(float) }
   });
   m_colorPipeline->setVertexInputLayout(inputLayout);
   m_colorPipeline->setShaderResourceBindings(m_colorTriSrb.get());
   m_colorPipeline->setRenderPassDescriptor(m_rp.get());
   m_colorPipeline->create();

static QShader getShader(const QString &name)
{
    QFile f(name);
    if (f.open(QIODevice::ReadOnly))
        return QShader::fromSerialized(f.readAll());

    return QShader();
}

layout(location = 0) in vec4 position;
layout(location = 1) in vec3 color;

    QRhi::FrameOpResult result= m_rhi->beginFrame(m_sc.get());
    if(result==QRhi::FrameOpSwapChainOutOfDate) {
        resizeSwapChain();
        if(!m_hasSwapChain)
            return;
        result= m_rhi->beginFrame(m_sc.get());
    }
    if(result!=QRhi::FrameOpSuccess) {
        qWarning("beginFrame failed with %d, will retry", result);
        requestUpdate();
        return;
    }

    customRender();

void HelloWindow::customRender()
{
    QRhiResourceUpdateBatch *resourceUpdates = m_rhi->nextResourceUpdateBatch();

    if (m_initialUpdates) {
        resourceUpdates->merge(m_initialUpdates);
        m_initialUpdates->release();
        m_initialUpdates = nullptr;
    }

    m_rotation += 1.0f;
    QMatrix4x4 modelViewProjection = m_viewProjection;
    modelViewProjection.rotate(m_rotation, 0, 1, 0);
    resourceUpdates->updateDynamicBuffer(m_ubuf.get(), 0, 64, modelViewProjection.constData());
    m_opacity += m_opacityDir * 0.005f;
    if (m_opacity < 0.0f || m_opacity > 1.0f) {
        m_opacityDir *= -1;
        m_opacity = qBound(0.0f, m_opacity, 1.0f);
    }
    resourceUpdates->updateDynamicBuffer(m_ubuf.get(), 64, 4, &m_opacity);

    QRhiCommandBuffer *cb = m_sc->currentFrameCommandBuffer();
    const QSize outputSizeInPixels = m_sc->currentPixelSize();

    cb->beginPass(m_sc->currentFrameRenderTarget(), Qt::black, { 1.0f, 0 }, resourceUpdates);

    cb->setGraphicsPipeline(m_colorPipeline.get());
    cb->setShaderResources();
    const QRhiCommandBuffer::VertexInput vbufBinding(m_vbuf.get(), 0);
    cb->setVertexInput(0, 1, &vbufBinding);
    cb->draw(3);

    cb->endPass();

void HelloWindow::ensureFullscreenTexture(const QSize &pixelSize, QRhiResourceUpdateBatch *u)
{
    if (m_texture && m_texture->pixelSize() == pixelSize)
        return;

    if (!m_texture)
        m_texture.reset(m_rhi->newTexture(QRhiTexture::RGBA8, pixelSize));
    else
        m_texture->setPixelSize(pixelSize);

    m_texture->create();

    QImage image(pixelSize, QImage::Format_RGBA8888_Premultiplied);
    image.setDevicePixelRatio(devicePixelRatio());

    u->uploadTexture(m_texture.get(), image);