Qt Graphs Overview for 3D

The Qt Graphs module provides a way to develop rapidly responding, complex, and dynamic 3D graphs for analytically demanding industries such as academic research and medical. Qt Graphs provides 3D bars, scatter, and surface graphs. Combining user interaction and real-time 3D drawing graphs enables creating user interfaces that use space effectively. Changing between 3D and 2D presentation enables truly utilizing the value of 3D in visualizing data.

The look and feel of the graphs can be customized by using the predefined themes or defining new ones. In addition, scenes can be customized by specifying settings for the camera, and individual items can be customized by using predefined or user-defined meshes.

Qt Graphs offers ready-made data proxies that can be used to visualize data from Qt item models and height maps. Each graph type has a basic proxy type, which accepts data in a format suitable for that graph. For more information, see Qt Graphs Data Handling with 3D.

End users can interact with the data presented by graphs in several ways, including rotating graphs, zooming into and out of data, selecting items, and viewing 2D slices of the 3D data for increased readability. For more information, see Qt Graphs Interacting with Data in 3D.

Graph Types

The Qt Graphs module provides the following 3D graph types:

• 3D bar graphs
• 3D scatter graphs
• 3D surface graphs

The QAbstract3DGraph class subclasses a QQuickWidget and provides a renderer based on QtQuick3D for its own subclasses that implement the different graph types: Q3DBars, Q3DScatter, and Q3DSurface. The graph type determines how the data is presented.

3D Bar Graphs

3D bar graphs present data as 3D bars that are grouped by category. The Q3DBars class is used to create a graph, and the QBar3DSeries and QBarDataProxy classes are used to set data to the graph, as well as to control the visual properties of the graph, such as draw mode and shading. In QML, the corresponding types are Bars3D, Bar3DSeries, and BarDataProxy.

For more information, see How to construct a minimal Q3DBars graph, and Simple Bar Graph examples.

3D Scatter Graphs

3D scatter graphs present data as a collection of points. The Q3DScatter class is used to create a graph, and the QScatter3DSeries and QScatterDataProxy classes are used to set data to the graph, as well as to control the visual properties of the graph. In QML, the corresponding types are Scatter3D, Scatter3DSeries, and ScatterDataProxy.

For more information, see How to construct a minimal Q3DScatter graph, and Simple Scatter Graph examples.

3D Surface Graphs

3D surface graphs present data as 3D surface plots. The Q3DSurface class is used to create a graph, and the QSurface3DSeries and QSurfaceDataProxy classes are used to set data to the graph, as well as to control the visual properties of the graph. In QML, the corresponding types are Surface3D, Surface3DSeries, and SurfaceDataProxy.

For more information, see How to construct a minimal Q3DSurface graph, Graph Gallery, and Surface Graph Gallery examples.

Using OpenGL ES for Rendering Data

As Qt Graphs is based on QtQuick3D, it automatically uses the native backend of the target platform for rendering. However, if OpenGL ES2 ends up being used in targets that do not support anything above it, such as OpenGL ES3 or Vulkan, the following features are not supported:

• Volumetric objects, because they use 3D textures
• Instancing, i.e. QAbstract3DGraph::OptimizationHint::Default does not work, and QAbstract3DGraph::OptimizationHint::Legacy has to be used instead.

Selecting Rendering Mode

In QML, you can set the AbstractGraph3D.RenderingMode property to determine whether the graph will be rendered directly on the window background or to an offscreen surface that is then drawn during normal QML item rendering.

Background rendering modes offer slightly better performance than the indirect rendering mode, at the cost of non-standard QML behavior. For example, the graphs do not support anti-aliasing. Therefore, changing the rendering mode is a question of performance versus quality.

Qt Quick uses a dedicated scenegraph for data rendering, and is therefore the best choice for graphs.

3D Axes

Qt Graphs supports the following axis types:

• Value axis
• Category axis

An axis can be set up to show a line or a grid. Both axis types are specializations of the QAbstract3DAxis class or the AbstractAxis3D QML type.

A value axis can be given a range of values and segment and subsegment counts to divide the range into. Labels are drawn between each segment. Grid lines are drawn between each segment and each subsegment. The value axis is implemented using the QValue3DAxis class or the ValueAxis3D QML type.

A category axis has named ranges and adjustable range widths. It is divided into equal-sized categories based on the data window size defined by the axis range. Labels are drawn to the positions of categories, if provided. Grid lines are drawn between categories, if visible. A category axis is implemented using the QCategory3DAxis class or the CategoryAxis3D QML type.

If no axes are set explicitly for a graph, temporary default axes with no labels are created. These default axes can be modified via axis accessors, but as soon as any axis is set explicitly for a particular orientation, the default axis for that orientation is destroyed.

All graph types support showing multiple series simultaneously. All the series do not need to contain the same number of rows and columns. Row and column labels are taken from the first series added, unless they are explicitly defined for the row and column axes.

Axis formatters can be used to customize value axis grid lines and labels. The QValue3DAxisFormatter class and ValueAxis3DFormatter QML type provide formatting rules for a linear value 3D axis. The QLogValue3DAxisFormatter class and the LogValueAxis3DFormatter QML type provide formatting rules for a logarithmic value 3D axis.

Polar horizontal axes can be used for surface and scatter graphs by setting the polar property. It can be set for bars as well, but doing so will produce a warning and be ignored.

3D Themes

A theme is a built-in collection of UI style related settings applied to all the visual elements of a graph, such as the colors, fonts, and visibility of the elements, as well as the strenght of the light and ambient light.

Qt Graphs comes with the following predefined themes that can be used as basis for custom themes:

• Qt is a light theme with green as the base color.
• Primary colors is a light theme with yellow as the base color.
• Stone moss is a medium dark theme with yellow as the base color.
• Army blue is a medium light theme with blue as the base color.
• Retro is a medium light theme with brown as the base color.
• Ebony is a dark theme with white as the base color.
• Isabelle is a dark theme with yellow as the base color.
• User defined is the default theme that is meant to be customized. For more information, see Default Theme.

Custom themes can also be created from scratch.

If a graph displays the data from several data series, some settings can be specified separately for each series. For example, different gradients can be specified for different layers of the graph to make it look more realistic. For an example, see Surface Graph Gallery.

Customizing 3D Scenes

As Qt Graphs is built on top of QtQuick3D, it is possible to integrate QtQuick3D scenes into Qt Graphs scenes. For more information, see Qt Graphs Integration with Qt Quick 3D.

Customizing Items

Qt Graphs has predefined mesh types for bars and scatter items. The mesh type determines how a bar or a scatter item looks on a graph. In addition to the pre-defined meshes, a user-defined geometry can be specified as a mesh file. For more information, see QAbstract3DSeries::userDefinedMesh(). For more variety, a quaternion can be set for mesh rotation.

In addition to customizing individual items, the QCustom3DItem class or the Custom3DItem QML type can be used to add custom items to graphs. The items have custom mesh, position, scaling, rotation, and an optional texture.

The QCustom3DVolume class and the Custom3DVolume QML type can be used to create volume-rendered objects to be added to a graph. A volume-rendered object is a box with a 3D texture. Three slice planes are supported for the volume, one along each main axis of the volume.

The QCustom3DLabel class and the Custom3DLabel QML type implement custom labels with the specified text, font, position, scaling, and rotation. Label colors, borders, and background are determined by the active theme.