GLES3 示例,您好
通过QOpenGLExtraFunctions 演示OpenGL ES 3.0的功能。

概述
本示例演示了如何通过QOpenGLExtraFunctions 在应用程序中轻松实现跨平台的OpenGL ES 3.0功能,该应用程序在运行OpenGL 3.3的桌面平台和运行OpenGL ES 3.0的移动/嵌入式设备上均可实现完全相同的运行效果。
本示例不依赖于QWidget ,而是使用QOpenGLWindow ——这是QWindow 的一个便捷子类,可轻松实现包含OpenGL渲染内容的窗口。从这个意义上说,它与“OpenGL窗口示例”相辅相成,后者展示了在不使用该便捷子类的情况下,基于OpenGL实现QWindow 的方法。
Qt 徽标形状的实现来自“Hello GL2”示例。
在使用 OpenGL 的其他方面,存在以下差异。
- OpenGL 上下文的创建必须具有足够高的版本号,以支持所使用的功能。
- 着色器的版本指令有所不同。
在 main.cpp 中的配置
在此,我们实例化QGuiApplication 和QSurfaceformat,并设置其depth buffer size :
int main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
QGuiApplication app(argc, argv);
QSurfaceFormat fmt;
fmt.setDepthBufferSize(24);根据QOpenGLContext::openGLModuleType()的返回值,我们请求OpenGL 3.3核心或OpenGL ES 3.0上下文:
if(QOpenGLContext::openGLModuleType()==QOpenGLContext::LibGL) {
qDebug("Requesting 3.3 core context");
fmt.setVersion(3, 3);
fmt.setProfile(QSurfaceFormat::CoreProfile);
}else{
qDebug("Requesting 3.0 context");
fmt.setVersion(3, 0);
}
QSurfaceFormat::setDefaultFormat(fmt);我们设置默认的渲染面格式,并实例化 GLWindowglWindow 。
实现 GLWindow
该类实现了示例应用程序的功能。
首先,通过继承QOpenGLWindow 类并实现其子类,声明GLWindow :
class GLWindow : public QOpenGLWindow以下属性是通过Q_PROPERTY 声明的:
{
Q_OBJECT
Q_PROPERTY(float z READ z WRITE setZ)
Q_PROPERTY(float r READ r WRITE setR)
Q_PROPERTY(float r2 READ r2 WRITE setR2)声明了以下公共函数:
public:
GLWindow();
~GLWindow();
void initializeGL();
void resizeGL(int w, int h);
void paintGL();
float z() const { return m_eye.z(); }
void setZ(float v);
float r() const { return m_r; }
void setR(float v);
float r2() const { return m_r2; }
void setR2(float v);声明了以下私有对象:
private slots:
void startSecondStage();
private:
QOpenGLTexture *m_texture = nullptr;
QOpenGLShaderProgram *m_program = nullptr;
QOpenGLBuffer *m_vbo = nullptr;
QOpenGLVertexArrayObject *m_vao = nullptr;
Logo m_logo;
int m_projMatrixLoc = 0;
int m_camMatrixLoc = 0;
int m_worldMatrixLoc = 0;
int m_myMatrixLoc = 0;
int m_lightPosLoc = 0;
QMatrix4x4 m_proj;
QMatrix4x4 m_world;
QVector3D m_eye;在实现方面,那些未声明为内联的函数是在glwindow.cpp 中实现(或重新实现)的。以下内容将涵盖与使用OpenGL ES 3.0相关的具体实现细节。
动画
以下代码与动画相关,本文将不予探讨:
GLWindow::GLWindow()
{
m_world.setToIdentity();
m_world.translate(0, 0, -1);
m_world.rotate(180, 1, 0, 0);
QSequentialAnimationGroup *animGroup = new QSequentialAnimationGroup(this);
animGroup->setLoopCount(-1);
QPropertyAnimation *zAnim0 = new QPropertyAnimation(this, QByteArrayLiteral("z"));
zAnim0->setStartValue(1.5f);
zAnim0->setEndValue(10.0f);
zAnim0->setDuration(2000);
animGroup->addAnimation(zAnim0);
QPropertyAnimation *zAnim1 = new QPropertyAnimation(this, QByteArrayLiteral("z"));
zAnim1->setStartValue(10.0f);
zAnim1->setEndValue(50.0f);
zAnim1->setDuration(4000);
zAnim1->setEasingCurve(QEasingCurve::OutElastic);
animGroup->addAnimation(zAnim1);
QPropertyAnimation *zAnim2 = new QPropertyAnimation(this, QByteArrayLiteral("z"));
zAnim2->setStartValue(50.0f);
zAnim2->setEndValue(1.5f);
zAnim2->setDuration(2000);
animGroup->addAnimation(zAnim2);
animGroup->start();
QPropertyAnimation* rAnim = new QPropertyAnimation(this, QByteArrayLiteral("r"));
rAnim->setStartValue(0.0f);
rAnim->setEndValue(360.0f);
rAnim->setDuration(2000);
rAnim->setLoopCount(-1);
rAnim->start();
QTimer::singleShot(4000, this, &GLWindow::startSecondStage);
}
GLWindow::~GLWindow()
{
makeCurrent();
delete m_texture;
delete m_program;
delete m_vbo;
delete m_vao;
}
void GLWindow::startSecondStage()
{
QPropertyAnimation* r2Anim = new QPropertyAnimation(this, QByteArrayLiteral("r2"));
r2Anim->setStartValue(0.0f);
r2Anim->setEndValue(360.0f);
r2Anim->setDuration(20000);
r2Anim->setLoopCount(-1);
r2Anim->start();
}
void GLWindow::setZ(float v)
{
m_eye.setZ(v);
m_uniformsDirty = true;
update();
}
void GLWindow::setR(float v)
{
m_r = v;
m_uniformsDirty = true;
update();
}
void GLWindow::setR2(float v)
{
m_r2 = v;
m_uniformsDirty = true;
update();
}如需了解更多信息,请参阅QPropertyAnimation 的文档,QSequentialAnimationGroup 。
着色器
着色器的定义如下:
static const char *vertexShaderSource =
"layout(location = 0) in vec4 vertex;\n"
"layout(location = 1) in vec3 normal;\n"
"out vec3 vert;\n"
"out vec3 vertNormal;\n"
"out vec3 color;\n"
"uniform mat4 projMatrix;\n"
"uniform mat4 camMatrix;\n"
"uniform mat4 worldMatrix;\n"
"uniform mat4 myMatrix;\n"
"uniform sampler2D sampler;\n"
"void main() {\n"
" ivec2 pos = ivec2(gl_InstanceID % 32, gl_InstanceID / 32);\n"
" vec2 t = vec2(float(-16 + pos.x) * 0.8, float(-18 + pos.y) * 0.6);\n"
" float val = 2.0 * length(texelFetch(sampler, pos, 0).rgb);\n"
" mat4 wm = myMatrix * mat4(1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, t.x, t.y, val, 1) * worldMatrix;\n"
" color = texelFetch(sampler, pos, 0).rgb * vec3(0.4, 1.0, 0.0);\n"
" vert = vec3(wm * vertex);\n"
" vertNormal = mat3(transpose(inverse(wm))) * normal;\n"
" gl_Position = projMatrix * camMatrix * wm * vertex;\n"
"}\n";
static const char *fragmentShaderSource =
"in highp vec3 vert;\n"
"in highp vec3 vertNormal;\n"
"in highp vec3 color;\n"
"out highp vec4 fragColor;\n"
"uniform highp vec3 lightPos;\n"
"void main() {\n"
" highp vec3 L = normalize(lightPos - vert);\n"
" highp float NL = max(dot(normalize(vertNormal), L), 0.0);\n"
" highp vec3 col = clamp(color * 0.2 + color * 0.8 * NL, 0.0, 1.0);\n"
" fragColor = vec4(col, 1.0);\n"
"}\n";注意:这些着色器与 OpenGL 版本无关。我们将其作为基础,并按如下方式追加版本号:
QByteArray versionedShaderCode(const char *src)
{
QByteArray versionedSrc;
if (QOpenGLContext::currentContext()->isOpenGLES())
versionedSrc.append(QByteArrayLiteral("#version 300 es\n"));
else
versionedSrc.append(QByteArrayLiteral("#version 330\n"));
versionedSrc.append(src);
return versionedSrc;
}初始化 OpenGL
着色器程序的初始化由initializeGL() 负责:
void GLWindow::initializeGL()
{
QOpenGLFunctions *f = QOpenGLContext::currentContext()->functions();
QImage img(":/qtlogo.png");
Q_ASSERT(!img.isNull());
delete m_texture;
m_texture = new QOpenGLTexture(img.scaled(32, 36).flipped());
delete m_program;
m_program = new QOpenGLShaderProgram;现在,OpenGL 版本号已被添加在前面,并且各种矩阵和光照位置也已设置完毕:
m_program->addShaderFromSourceCode(QOpenGLShader::Vertex, versionedShaderCode(vertexShaderSource));
m_program->addShaderFromSourceCode(QOpenGLShader::Fragment, versionedShaderCode(fragmentShaderSource));
m_program->link();
m_projMatrixLoc = m_program->uniformLocation("projMatrix");
m_camMatrixLoc = m_program->uniformLocation("camMatrix");
m_worldMatrixLoc = m_program->uniformLocation("worldMatrix");
m_myMatrixLoc = m_program->uniformLocation("myMatrix");
m_lightPosLoc = m_program->uniformLocation("lightPos");虽然对于 ES 3 来说并非严格必要,但还是创建了一个顶点数组对象。
delete m_vao;
m_vao = new QOpenGLVertexArrayObject;
if (m_vao->create())
m_vao->bind();
m_program->bind();
delete m_vbo;
m_vbo = new QOpenGLBuffer;
m_vbo->create();
m_vbo->bind();
m_vbo->allocate(m_logo.constData(), m_logo.count() * sizeof(GLfloat));
f->glEnableVertexAttribArray(0);
f->glEnableVertexAttribArray(1);
f->glVertexAttribPointer(0, 3, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, 6 * sizeof(GLfloat),
nullptr);
f->glVertexAttribPointer(1, 3, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, 6 * sizeof(GLfloat),
reinterpret_cast<void *>(3 * sizeof(GLfloat)));
m_vbo->release();
f->glEnable(GL_DEPTH_TEST);
f->glEnable(GL_CULL_FACE);调整窗口大小
透视图需要按如下方式与新的窗口尺寸对齐:
void GLWindow::resizeGL(int w, int h)
{
m_proj.setToIdentity();
m_proj.perspective(45.0f, GLfloat(w) / h, 0.01f, 100.0f);
m_uniformsDirty = true;
}绘制
我们使用QOpenGLExtraFunctions 代替QOpenGLFunctions ,因为我们希望实现的功能超出了GL(ES) 2.0所提供的范围:
void GLWindow::paintGL()
{
// Now use QOpenGLExtraFunctions instead of QOpenGLFunctions as we want to
// do more than what GL(ES) 2.0 offers.
QOpenGLExtraFunctions *f = QOpenGLContext::currentContext()->extraFunctions();我们清空屏幕和缓冲区,并绑定着色器程序和纹理:
f->glClearColor(0, 0, 0, 1);
f->glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT | GL_DEPTH_BUFFER_BIT);
m_program->bind();
m_texture->bind();处理初始paintGL() 调用或resizeGL() 调用后的调用的逻辑实现如下:
if (m_uniformsDirty) {
m_uniformsDirty = false;
QMatrix4x4 camera;
camera.lookAt(m_eye, m_eye + m_target, QVector3D(0, 1, 0));
m_program->setUniformValue(m_projMatrixLoc, m_proj);
m_program->setUniformValue(m_camMatrixLoc, camera);
QMatrix4x4 wm = m_world;
wm.rotate(m_r, 1, 1, 0);
m_program->setUniformValue(m_worldMatrixLoc, wm);
QMatrix4x4 mm;
mm.setToIdentity();
mm.rotate(-m_r2, 1, 0, 0);
m_program->setUniformValue(m_myMatrixLoc, mm);
m_program->setUniformValue(m_lightPosLoc, QVector3D(0, 0, 70));
}最后,我们将演示 OpenGL 3.1 或 OpenGL ES 3.0 中引入的一个函数:
f->glDrawArraysInstanced(GL_TRIANGLES, 0, m_logo.vertexCount(), 32 * 36);
}之所以能正常工作,是因为我们之前已请求了 3.3 或 3.0 上下文。
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