CertC++-CON54

Wrap functions that can spuriously wake up in a loop

Required inputs: IR

The  wait(),  wait_for(), and wait_until() member functions of the std::condition_variable class temporarily cede possession of a mutex so that other threads that may be requesting the mutex can proceed. These functions must always be called from code that is protected by locking a mutex. The waiting thread resumes execution only after it has been notified, generally as the result of the invocation of the notify_one() or  notify_all() member functions invoked by another thread.

The  wait() function must be invoked from a loop that checks whether a condition predicate holds. A condition predicate is an expression constructed from the variables of a function that must be true for a thread to be allowed to continue execution. The thread pauses execution via wait(), wait_for(), wait_until(), or some other mechanism, and is resumed later, presumably when the condition predicate is true and the thread is notified. 

#include <condition_variable>
#include <mutex>

extern bool until_finish(void);
extern std::mutex m;
extern std::condition_variable condition;

void func(void) {
  std::unique_lock<std::mutex> lk(m);

  while (until_finish()) {  // Predicate does not hold.
    condition.wait(lk);
  }

  // Resume when condition holds.
}

The notification mechanism notifies the waiting thread and allows it to check its condition predicate. The invocation of notify_all() in another thread cannot precisely determine which waiting thread will be resumed. Condition predicate statements allow notified threads to determine whether they should resume upon receiving the notification. 

Noncompliant Code Example

This noncompliant code example monitors a linked list and assigns one thread to consume list elements when the list is nonempty. 

This thread pauses execution using wait() and resumes when notified, presumably when the list has elements to be consumed. It is possible for the thread to be notified even if the list is still empty, perhaps because the notifying thread used notify_all(), which notifies all threads. Notification using notify_all() is frequently preferred over using notify_one(). (See CON55-CPP. Preserve thread safety and liveness when using condition variables for more information.)

A condition predicate is typically the negation of the condition expression in the loop. In this noncompliant code example, the condition predicate for removing an element from a linked list is (list->next != nullptr), whereas the condition expression for the while loop condition is (list->next == nullptr).

This noncompliant code example nests the call to  wait() inside an if block and consequently fails to check the condition predicate after the notification is received. If the notification was spurious or malicious, the thread would wake up prematurely. 

#include <condition_variable>
#include <mutex>

struct Node {
  void *node;
  struct Node *next;
};

static Node list;
static std::mutex m;
static std::condition_variable condition;

void consume_list_element(std::condition_variable &condition) {
  std::unique_lock<std::mutex> lk(m);

  if (list.next == nullptr) {
    condition.wait(lk);
  }

  // Proceed when condition holds.
}
Compliant Solution (Explicit loop with predicate)

This compliant solution calls the  wait() member function from within a  while loop to check the condition both before and after the call to  wait(). 

#include <condition_variable>
#include <mutex>

struct Node {
  void *node;
  struct Node *next;
};

static Node list;
static std::mutex m;
static std::condition_variable condition;

void consume_list_element() {
  std::unique_lock<std::mutex> lk(m);

  while (list.next == nullptr) {
    condition.wait(lk);
  }

  // Proceed when condition holds.
}
Compliant Solution (Implicit loop with lambda predicate)

The std::condition_variable::wait() function has an overloaded form that accepts a function object representing the predicate. This form of wait() behaves as if it were implemented as  while (!pred()) wait(lock);. This compliant solution uses a lambda as a predicate and passes it to the  wait() function. The predicate is expected to return true when it is safe to proceed, which reverses the predicate logic from the compliant solution using an explicit loop predicate. 

#include <condition_variable>
#include <mutex>

struct Node {
  void *node;
  struct Node *next;
};

static Node list;
static std::mutex m;
static std::condition_variable condition;

void consume_list_element() {
  std::unique_lock<std::mutex> lk(m);
 
  condition.wait(lk, []{ return list.next; });
  // Proceed when condition holds.
}
Risk Assessment

Failure to enclose calls to the  wait(), wait_for(), or  wait_until() member functions inside a  while loop can lead to indefinite blocking and denial of service (DoS).

Rule Severity Likelihood Remediation Cost Priority Level
CON54-CPP Low Unlikely Medium P2 L3
Related Guidelines
CERT Oracle Secure Coding Standard for Java THI03-J. Always invoke wait() and await() methods inside a loop
SEI CERT C Coding Standard CON36-C. Wrap functions that can spuriously wake up in a loop
SEI CERT C++ Coding Standard CON55-CPP. Preserve thread safety and liveness when using condition variables
Bibliography
[ ISO/IEC 9899:2011] 7.17.7.4, "The atomic_compare_exchange Generic Functions"
[ Lea 2000] 1.3.2, "Liveness"
3.2.2, "Monitor Mechanics"
Excerpt from SEI CERT C++ Coding Standard [https://cmu-sei.github.io/secure-coding-standards/sei-cert-cpp-coding-standard/rules/concurrency-con/con54-cpp], Copyright (C) 1995-2026 Carnegie Mellon University. See section 9.4. "3rd-Party Licenses" in the documentation for full details.

Possible Messages

Key

Text

Severity

Disabled

call_outside_loop

Wrap functions that can spuriously wake up in a loop.

None

False

Options

spuriously_waking_up_routines

spuriously_waking_up_routines

Type: set[bauhaus.analysis.config.QualifiedName]

Default: {'cnd_timedwait', 'cnd_wait', 'std::condition_variable::wait', 'std::condition_variable::wait_for', 'std::condition_variable::wait_until'}

Names of routines that can spuriously wake up.